A. FLAVONOIDS
Flavonoids are compounds that consists of 15
carbon atoms that are scattered in theplant world. More
than 2000 flavonoids derived from plants have been identified,but there
are three general groups studied, namely anthocyanins, flavonols, andflavones.
Anthocyanins (from
Greek anthos, flower and kyanos, dark
blue) aregenerally colored
pigment found in red flowers, purple, and blue. These pigments are also present in
many other parts of the plant, for example, certain fruit , stems,leaves and even roots. Flavnoid often found
in epidermal cells. Most of theflavonoids terhimpn in plant
cell vacuoles synthesis although there are places outside
the vacuole.
Anthocyanins and other
flavonoids attracted many geneticists because it is possibleto
connect the morphological differences between closely
related species in thesame genus as the type of flavonoids it
contains. Flavonoids are found
in related species within a genus provide information for experts taxonomy formegelompokkan and determine the
evolution of the plant lines. Especially the bluewavelength of
light increases the formation of flavonoids and flavonoid improvecrop resistance to
UV radiation. Quercetin
and myricetin, a type of flavonoid that protects Caco-2 cells were found
in the digestive tract of a double chain of DNAoxidation and antioxidant
properties that protect from oxidative stress kolonosit.
B. COCAINE
Cocaine produced is Erythroxylum coca plant. The content of the compound is a plant alkaloid called cocaine. The content of alkaloids was 0.7 to 2.5% (40-50% is (-)-cocaine. Nature is a psychostimulant (amphetamine like properties).
Biosynthesis cation N-methyl-pyrrolinium
Cation N-methyl-pirolinium is an important precursor in the biosynthesis of cocaine. Biosynthesis starts from L-Glutamine, which is derived to L-ornithine in plants.
L-ornithine is converted into L-arginine, which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis is derived imine N-carbamoylputrescine followed by hydrolysis of urea to form putrescine. Separate pathways to convert ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have been known. N-SAM-SAM methylation of putrescine gives the N-methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase produces aminoaldehyde it. Melaului Schiff base formation forming cation N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium.
Biosynthesis of Cocaine
The first Addisi Mannich reaction, ie enolate anion from acetyl-CoA acting as a nucleophile to cation pyrrolinium. Addisi both going through Claisen condensation produces a racemic mixture of 2-substituted pyrrolidine.
On the formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,3-13C2] 4 (Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoate there is no specific stereoisomer specificity. However, the biosynthesis of cocaine, only the (S)-enantiomer can do cyclization to form ring systems tropan cocaine. Then the oxidation reaction, which regenerates pyrrolinium cation and formation of enolate anion, and an intramolecular Mannich reaction. The ring system tropan hydrolyses, SAM-dependent methylation, and reduction of NADPH for the formation methylecgonine. Cluster benzoyl required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid. Benzoyl-CoA then combines the two units to form cocaine.
Psychological impact
Cocaine is a stimulant drug (psychostimulants) are the most potent. Common behavior for under the influence of cocaine can include hyperactivity, joy, and powerful, alertness, confidence and increased sexual activity. Users can also behave opinionated anyway, feeling invincible and be aggressive and quarrelsome. Fatal condition that can occur from a high sensitivity to cocaine or a massive overdose. A few hours after the last use, sense of upheaval and depression may occur.
Addiction
Based on Definitions of the American Society of Addiction Medicine, some drugs cause kacanduan grouped as follows:
1. Stimulants (psychic addiction, moderate to severe; withdrawal is purely psychological and Psychosomatic):
- Amphetamine and methamphetamine
- Cocaine
- Nicotine
- Caffeine
2. Sedatives an hinotik (psychic addiction, mild to severe, and physiological addiction, severe; abrupt withdrawal may be fatal):
- Alcohol
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines are especially flunitrazepam, triazolam, temazepam and nimetazepam Z drug like zimovane.
- Metakualon and hypnotic-sedative related kuinazolin.
Opiot and opioid analgesics (psychic addiction, mild to severe, physiological addiction, mild to severe; abrupt withdrawal is unlikely to be fatal):
- Morphine and codeine
- Semisynthetic opiates such as heroin (diacetylmorphine; morphine diacetate), oxycodone, buprenorphine, and hydromorphone.
- Opioid total synthesis, such as fentanyl, meperidine / pethidine, and methadone.
Drugs in bold are the ones alkaloid compounds. An article in the journal Lancet compared the 20 dangerous and addictive drugs, using a scale of 0 to 3 for physical addiction, psychological addiction, and pleasure to create a mean score for addiction.
Highest rank was on morphine.
Mechanism of action
Cocaine modify the action of dopamine in the brain. Dopamine-rich area is the ventral tegmental area, the nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus - these areas are collectively called the brain's 'reward pathway'. Cocaine binds to the dopamine transporter re-uptake at the pre-synaptic membrane of the dopaminergic neurons. This bond inhibiting dopamine removal from the synaptic cleft and the next is degraded by monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the nerve terminal. Dopamine is still lagging behind in the synaptic cleft and free form binds to receptors on the post synaptic membrane, causing further nerve impulses. The increase in the activation of dopaminergic reward pathways trigger feelings of euphoria.
Cocaine acts on the pleasure circuit to prevent reabsorption of dopamine neurotranmitter after being released from nerve cells. Normally, neurons release dopamine release in the pleasure circuit, then pass through the synapse to another neuron stimulate pleasure circuits. Once this process is completed, will be taken again by the dopamine transporter molecules and bring back the original neurons.
Cocaine binds transpoter turns so as to prevent the reabsorption of dopamine. This causes an increase in dopamine in the synapse, the result is a strong feeling emerged and even euphoria.
Excess dopamine accumulates in the synapses of neurons that have led to decreased number of dopamine receptors receptors they make. It was named after down-regulation. When cocaine is not given and jumlahna decreased to normal conditions (low concentration), the small number of available receptors for the neurotransmitter dopamine to be not enough to activate nerve cells. During the "craving," the experience will be very strong addict and need medication to achieve the level of dopamine back. Cocaine can also bind to other neurotransmitters, including serotonin and norepinephrine, and blocking reuptake.
Cocaine found to specifically affect the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala, which is involved in memory and learning aspects. The amygdala has been associated with the emotional aspects of memory. Experts believe that the neural networks involved in parts of the brain that react to the environment and enable memory, and triggers biochemical changes in producing cocaine craving.
Would you like to explain about "How to identify flavonoid compound in plan?"
BalasHapusTo identify the existence of flavonoid in plant we can first isolate the ethanolic extract of plant material. It will be appropriate to fractionate the ethanolic extract with ether, ethylacetate and butanol respectively . First immerse the extract into water and fractionate with ether or pet ether or chloroform and then with ethyl acetate and butanol sequentially. Distilled the respective solvent. Flavonoids will come in the ethyl acetate extract and butanol extracts. Butanol extract may contail flavonoid glycosides with 2 and more than two sugars. With the help of TLC flavonoids can be visualised by sprying different reagents. With Sulphuric acid yellow spots and with alcoholic feerric chloride bluish grey spots. By column chromatography using silica gel 100-230 mesh isolation is possible using chloroform and methanol mixture. After isolation of the compounds in pure state and by crystallization with the help of NMR and Mass spectral studies one can identify the flavonoids.
Hapusi read in your material about "Especially the bluewavelength of light increases the formation of flavonoids and flavonoid improvecrop resistance to UV radiation"
BalasHapusso please explain how UV radiation?
and how light increases the formation of flavonoid?
how to Quercetin and myricetin protect Caco-2 cells were found in the digestive tract of the oxidation of DNA double chain???
BalasHapusThanks for your comment miss yulia
HapusI'll try to answer your question
Quercetin and myricetin was one of the flavonols. and quercetin glycosides amounts to about 60-75% of total flavonoids. Quercetin is believed to protect the body from several diseases and also to protect Cac0-2 cells by preventing the oxidation of fat.
Quercetin demonstrated the ability to prevent the oxidation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) by free radicals and inhibit mennagkap ion transitions.
When the flavonol quercetin reacts with free radicals, quercetin will donate its protons into a compound radical, but the unpaired electrons generated by resonance delocalization, it makes the compound quercetin radical has a very low energy to a reactive radical.
how to prevent lipid peroxidation process in quercetin to protect the body from degenerative diseases?
Hapuspuput,,, please explain to me what is the meaning from Quercetin and myricetin.
BalasHapusthanks before,,, ;)
Thanks for your question Miss yunita....
HapusI will try to answer your question.
1. QUERCETIN
Name quercetin is known from 1857, and comes from the word "quercetum" which means "oak forest".
Quercetin is a flavonol, is a plant derived flavonoid commonly found in fruits, vegetables, and leaves.
Quercetin is also one of a class of flavonoids that are biologically very strong. One of the benefits of flavonoids is to increase the effectiveness of vitamin C. If vitamin C has antioxidant activity 1, then quercetin has antioxidant activity 4.7.
Quercetin belongs to the class of flavonols. Quercetin is believed to protect the body from some types of degenerative diseases by preventing lipid peroxidation process.
Another opinion says that Quercetin is a phytochemical that is part of the dye was found in the skin of apples and red onions. Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant, anti-histamine and anti-inflammatory.
2. MYRICETIN
HapusBelongs to the class of flavonols myricetin.
Myricetin serves to prevent the calcification of blood vessels.
i read your blog and there is stated that Cocaine is a stimulant drug (psychostimulants) are the most potent. so,, my question is how the reaction the cocain can be stimulant drug?
BalasHapusfrom my article, I have a question...
BalasHapushow the biosynthetic proces of cocaine compounds??
BOC Sciences provides a wide range of services to support the pharmaceutical industry through all stages of drug discovery including Custom Synthesis of those chemicals that are not in stock, Kuwanon E
BalasHapus