_" Alkene Nomenclature "_

Alkene nomenclature

Alkenes according to IUPAC nomenclature is as follows:

1. Determine the parent chain, which is the longest carbon chain from one end to the other that passes through the double bond, give the name of an alkene according to the number of C atoms in the parent chain.

2. Numbering.
     Numbering starts from the tip of the parent chain that is closest to duplicate.

3. If there are branches give branch name with the appropriate amount of alkyl C atom branch. If more than one branch, naming rules in accordance with the rules of nomenclature alkanes.

4. Naming sequence: number branch-name branch-chain double-number stem.

_" Bond Dissociation Energies "_

 Bond Dissociatio  Energies (BDE) :

C = C                                      146 kcal/mol

C – C                                      - 83 kcal/mol

Pi Bond                                   63 kcal/mol

 Explanation : 

          The intention is how to change double bond into single bond by Bond Dissociation Energies.

The energies or BDE of the double bond is 146 kcal/mol and the BDE of the single bond is -83 kcal/mol.

If we give the energy more than 146 kcal/mol ( BDE of the double bond ) into a double bond, so the bonding will be broken.

So from the data, we know that : Pi Bond is the differenc between BDE of double bond and BDE of single bond.

So, Pi Bond must be more than of 63 kcal/mol and must be lest than 83 kcal/mol.

                         83 kcal/mol > π > 63 kcal/mol

_"Change The Bond"_

The steps to change chemical bond :

Ø  Determining the reaction center, based on typical desired product

Ø  Looking for protective groups to think about the efficiency

Ø  Drawing structure, so that we can determine which one will we cut

Ø  After the protective groups is found, there was a Radicalization Mechanism Until Termination process

Ø  Once the target is cut off, carried out the release / removal of protective groups

Ø  And then we have found a group that we want.

_"Change The 3,4,5 Trimethyl into n-Butane Nonane"_

Queston : How to change the 3,4,5 Trimethyl into n-Butane Nonane?

Answer  : * The first step : we must determine the target compounds
               * And then : we must determine the nodes or hubs.

_" Isobutana And n-Butana"_

 Question : Why Isobutane and n-Butane has a boiling point difference?

Answer   : Because Isobutana and n-Butane has a different structure, so that the physical properties of compounds are also different isomers.
But they have similar chemical properties.
Isobutana have a more complicated structure dalamakibat attractive force between molecules is smaller than the straight chain structure that is easy to evaporate.
This is because Isobutana which is also called branched Alkanes have a boiling point and melting point lower than the n-Butane (not branched).

_"Raw Fruit VS Ripe Fruit"_

Question : Raw fruit if mixed with ripe fruit that it will go well. Why is that?

Answr    : Because, ripe fruit will produce ethylene gas that serves to accelerate the ripening of fruit, so that the raw fruit also will mature quickly.
Ethylene gas produced is able to solve the chlorophyll in the young fruit until the fruit has only resulted in xantofil and xarotein or substance that makes skin becomes red or orange fruit .

_"Ethylene Gas"_

Ethylene Gas

Ethylene is a growth hormone produced from the result of normal metabolism in plants.
Ethylene plays a role in fruit ripening and leaf loss. 

Ethylene is also called ethene.
Ethylene compounds in plants are found in the gas phase, so called ethylene gas.
Ethylene gas is colorless and volatile.

Ethylene History
• Period of ancient Egypt, ethylene has been used to stimulate fruit ripening
• Period of ancient China, ethylene is used for ripening pear fruit with ethylene gas by providing the pears in a closed room
• In 1864, highway lights were out of gas that can be made smaller and damaging root growth
• In 1901, Russian scientist, Dimitri Neljubow found that the active compound is ethylene.
• In 1917, scientists named Doubt found that ethylene can cause absisi (loss).
• In 1934, scientists named Gane find an explanation of the synthesis of ethylene by plants.
• In 1935, Croker found that ethylene is a plant hormone that plays a role in fruit ripening and inhibition of vegetative tissue.

 

Ethylene Benefits
    Ethylene is often used by our distributors and importers of fruit. The fruit is packaged in a not yet ripe when the fruit traders transported. Having arrived for trade, fruit is given ethylene (brooded) so quick to cook.
In fruit ripening, ethylene acts by breaking chlorophyll in young fruit, making fruit has only xantofil and carotene. Thus, the color becomes orange or red fruit.
In other applications, ethylene is used as an anesthetic (anesthetic).
 
Another function of ethylene in particular are:
• End the period of dormancy
• Stimulate the growth of roots and stems
• Formation of adventitious roots
• Stimulate absisi fruit and leaves
• Stimulate interest induction Bromiliad
• Induction of female sex cells of interest
• Stimulate the expansion rate

Biosynthesis and Metabolism
      Ethylene is produced by higher plants from the amino acid methionine which is essential in all plant tissues. Ethylene production depending on tissue type, species of plants, and levels of development. Ethylene is formed from methionine through 3 processes:
• ATP is an important component in the synthesis of ethylene. ATP and water will make methionine lost three phosphate groups.
• 1-Amino-1-carboxylic aminosiklopropana synthase (ACC-synthase) and then facilitate the production of ACC and SAM (S-adenosil methionine).
• Oxygen is required to oxidize ACC and ethylene production. 
   This reaction is catalyzed using ethylene-forming enzyme.

     Recently conducted research that focuses on the effect of fruit ripening. ACC synthase in tomato becomes an enzyme that is manipulated through biotechnology for the slow ripening of fruit so that the flavor is maintained.