TERPENE (GERANIOLS)

               Terpenes are a class of hydrocarbons produced by many plants and is mainly contained in the sap and cell vacuoles. In plants, class of terpene compounds and modifications, terpenoids, a secondary metabolite. Terpenes and terpenoids produced also by a number of animals, especially insects and some marine animals.

              Terpenes and terpenoids compiled many essential oils produced by plants. The content of essential oils affect the use of spice products, both as a condiment, as a perfume, as well as a medical, health, and accompanying rituals. Common names of this class of compounds is often taken from a volatile oil containing it. Furthermore, the name of the oil itself is taken from the name (Latin name) became the source when the plant was first identified. For example is citral, derived from oil extracted from orange (Citrus). Another example is eugenol, taken from the oil produced by cloves (Eugenia aromatica).

Terpenoids called isoprenoids. This is understandable because the framework constituent terpenes and terpenoids are isoprene (C5H8).

               Terpenes have a basic formula (C5H8) n, where n is the determinant of the type of terpene. Modified terpene (called terpenoids, meaning "similar to terpene") is a compound with a similar structure but can not be expressed with the basic formula. Both of these groups make up a lot of essential oils.

• Hemiterpena, n = 1, only isoprene
• Hemiterpenoid, for example prenol, isovalerat acid
• Monoterpena, n = 2, for example mircena, limonena, and ocimena
• Monoterpenoid, for example geraniol
• Sesquiterpene, n = 3, for example farnesen
• Seskuiterpenoid, eg farnesol, kurkumena, bisabolol
• Diterpena, n = 4, for example cembrena
• Diterpenoid, for example kafestol
• Triterpena, n = 6, for example skualena
• Triterpenoids, for example lanosterol, the basic material for steroid compounds
• Tetraterpena, n = 8, for example, is lycopene, carotenE
• Polyterpenes, n large, for example, is rubber and gutta-percha.           

>> GERANIOLS

GERANIOLS

             Geraniol is a primary alcohol found in geranium, lemongrass, lemon, and other oils. Used primarily in perfumery. 

Geraniol has more value as a substitute for oil produced from a rose oil produced from the leaves of lemongrass. 

            Lemongrass oil production in Indonesia is one of the largest in the world, this is because Indonesia is a good place for plants to grow lemongrass. Lemongrass oil isolated from leaves of fragrant lemongrass Java (Cymbopogon winterianus jowwit). During this time, lemongrass oil is exported to foreign countries in the form of pure lemongrass oil so that less bring in foreign exchange, so it is necessary to attempt to increase the value of lemongrass oil. This research will be conducted geraniol component separation of lemongrass oil.

             Geraniol has broad benefits in the field of cosmetics, animal husbandry and health
Geraniol found in geranium plants and citrus. This compound is insoluble in water, but soluble in common organic solvents and cyclization was more difficult than the other compounds.
Configuration of cis-to nerol and trans- to geraniol causes cyclization of geraniol to be more difficult for the cyclization.

 It smells pungent and often used as a perfume. Lemongrass oil can be isolated from the leaves of the lemongrass scented steam distillation method. Lemongrass oil distillate extracted with ether to separate it from the water. To improve the content geraniolnya, lemongrass oil hydrolyzed with NaOH in ethanol for 1 hour to hydrolyze geranil acetate into geraniol.Identification of compounds geraniol performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). 

 Lemongrass scented leaf weighing 10 kg produces citronella oil as 42.5 mL (0.373%) with clear yellow shiny distinctive smell of lemongrass and has a refractive index of 1.4755. Data lemongrass oil GC chromatogram shows geraniol content as much as 65.34%. Geraniol enrichment NaOH solution in ethanol resulted in the hydrolysis reaction geranil acetate into geraniol which increases to 81.96% geraniol content. 

_" STEROID "_

       Steroids are organic compounds are not hydrolyzed fatty sterols can dihasil reduction reaction of terpene or skualena. Steroids are an important group of compounds with the basic structure sterana saturated with 17 carbon atoms and 4 rings.

Compounds which include derivatives of steroids, such as cholesterol, ergosterol, progesterone, and estrogen. In general, function as steroid hormones. Steroids have a basic structure consisting of 17 carbon atoms that make up the three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring. Different types of steroids are steroids that another one is on the functional group is bound by the four-ring oxidation and phase of each ring.  

       Some are anabolic steroids, such as testosterone, metandienon, nandrolone decanoate, 4-androstena-3 17-dione. Anabolic steroids can lead to a number of dangerous side effects, such as lowering the ratio of high density lipoprotein, which is useful for the heart, lowers low-density lipoprotein ratio, stimulation of prostate tumor, coagulation abnormalities and liver disorders, hair loss, thickening hair, acne and the incidence of male breast . In physiology, anabolic steroids can make a person aggressive.

       Steroids are made ​​up of several groups of compounds and grouping based on the physiological effects provided by each groups .

The group are sterols, bile acids, sex hormones, hormone adrenokortikoid, cardiac aglycone, and sapogenin.

In terms of molecular structure, the differences between the various groups steroidini determined by:

• Type substituents R 1, R 2and R 3, which bound to the carbon framework, as noted above
• The difference between the compound one another from certain suatukelompok determined by- carbon chain length of R 1
• functional groups present on the substituents R 1, R 2and R 3
•  The number and position of the oxygen functional groups and double bonds
• And the configuration of the asymmetric centers in the framework dasarkarbon it.

Some examples that represent each of the groups on the list of steroid diatastercntum 4.1.

Listing 4.1. Some natural steroid

Sterol :

ERGOSTREOL

STIGMASTEROL

Sex Hormones :

Sapogenin :

SARSAPOGENIN

               Another example of lipid types of steroids are sex hormones for men and womensuch as testosterone, estradiol and progesterone. The molecular structure and function can be seen in Table 14.8.
Table 14.8. Types of hormones and physiological function

           

          All steroids are made in cells with raw materials such as fatty sterols, either lanosterol in animals or function, or in the form sikloartenol in plants. Both types of fat on top is made of sterol cyclization squalena of triterpena. Cholesterol is a sterol other types of fat are common.

Biosynthesis Of Steroid

         Biogenetics Experiments show that steroids are derived from triterpenes in nature. Steroids found in animal tissue derived from triterpene lanosterol, while present in plant tissues derived from triterpenes sikloartrenol, after experiencing a series of triterpenes certain changes. Early stages of the biosynthesis of steroids are the same for all natural steroids, namely the conversion of acetic acid through mevalonic acid and skualen (a triterpene) to lanosterol or sikloartrenol.

            Biosynthesis of steroid hormones including testosterone begin with the transformation of cholesterol to pregnenolone. Setting steroid hormone biosynthesis mediated by an increase in cAMP-and Ca +2 intaselular melaluijalur inositol triphosphate. Stimulation of cAMP can be acute or chronic. Acute stimulation began delivery of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial steroidogenic acute mediated regulatory (StAR), whereas chronic stimulation occurs during the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. In this stage, the conversion process takes place in the mitochondria by putting side chain cleavage enzyme (scc). 

NADPH, oxygen and cytochrome P450 on a limited basis as needed. Unlike the protein hormone receptors, steroid receptors located in the cell cytoplasm or nucleus. At first hormone into cells by diffusion and bind to receptor proteins immediately spesifikdi in the cytoplasm. Streroid hormone receptors are inactive are in a heat shock protein 90 (hsp 90). In the event of ties between the hormone and the receptor, the hsp 90 becomes active and self meleaskan. Then the bonding hormone and the receptor will soon be heading to the nucleus. In the nucleus, the bonding hormone receptor complex affects the transcription factor koaktivator and thoroughly to produce an active transcriptional complex that would enhance gene expression and hormone effects sterid.